pars intermedia การใช้

• The posterior wall of the anterior pituitary forms the pars intermedia.
• Cyproheptadine has been used successfully in treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses.
• It should not be used in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction ( Cushings ).
• However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood.
• A few sources include the pars intermedia as part of the posterior lobe, but this is a minority view.
• Horses are at increased risk of laminitis if they have pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, but in general the benefits of corticosteroid use outweigh the risks.
• In a horse with PPID, ACTH levels are high as a result of pars intermedia production, but it is not subject to negative feedback regulation.
• In lower vertebrates ( fish, amphibians ) MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color.
• In PPID-affected horses, dopamine is not produced from these neurons, leading to dopamine levels about 10 % of the level normally found in the pars intermedia.
• The pars intermedia ( the intermediate lobe ) lies between the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis, and is rudimentary in the human, although in other species it is more developed.
• :; Pars intermedia : The pars intermedia, ( intermediate part ), sits between the pars distalis and the posterior pituitary, forming the boundary between the anterior and posterior pituitaries.
• :; Pars intermedia : The pars intermedia, ( intermediate part ), sits between the pars distalis and the posterior pituitary, forming the boundary between the anterior and posterior pituitaries.
• It is based upon the gross anatomical separation of the posterior and anterior pituitary along the cystic remnants of Rathke's pouch, causing the pars intermedia to remain attached to the neurohypophysis.
• Without regulation from dopamine, the pars intermedia develops hyperplasia and adenoma formation, leading to gross enlargement and excessive production of POMC . These adenomas also have the potential to compress the hypothalamus and optic chiasm.
• However, a veterinary form of pergolide, marketed under the trade name Prascend, is permitted for the treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction ( PPID ) also known as equine Cushing's syndrome ( ECS ) in horses.
• The pituitary gland is divided into two lobes, the anterior lobe ( which accounts for two thirds of the volume of the gland ), and the posterior lobe ( one third of the volume ) separated by the pars intermedia.
• Endocrinopathy is usually the result of improper insulin regulation, and is most commonly seen with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction ( also called equine Cushing's syndrome ) and equine metabolic syndrome ( EMS ), as well as obesity and glucocorticoid administration.
• Their posterior ends are expanded and are in contact with the greater vestibular glands; their anterior ends are tapered and joined to one another by the pars intermedia; their deep surfaces are in contact with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm; superficially they are covered by the bulbospongiosus.
• The vestibular bulbs are homologous to the bulb of penis and adjoining part of the corpus spongiosum of the male, and consist of two elongated masses of erectile tissue, placed one on either side of the vaginal orifice and united to each other in front by a narrow median band termed the " pars intermedia ".